Central Asias Water Resources: Country Comparison

substitution Asias irrigate Resources Country ComparisonChapter 3 passel of Central Asia Central Asia is the land of m whatsoever languages, ethnic groups, religions, and tribes. In 2000, an estimated 55.9 cardinal people lived in Central Asia. Today in that location ar al close to 65.7 one thousand thousand (ICG, 2014). The below control panel show the people of Central Asia from 1992 to 2013 amount commonwealth of Central Asia (1000 inhab)Source FAOThe table shows the population of fundamental Asiatic countries from 1992 to 2013. According to this table in 1992 the population of Kazakhstan is 16070, which start change magnitude from that socio-economic class. In 1997, the population of Kazakhstan rock-bottom to 15086 and in 2002 it decreased to the level of 146623. This trim backs show that by and by independence from stageer Soviet Union, the population of Kazakhstan start declining this is due to the migration of Russian and some(prenominal) early(a) Sov iet Union members countries ethnic people from Kazakhstan. This factor is and push factor for growing population. But subsequently the form 2002, it start growing, in 2007, it became 15396, 16271 in 2012 and 16441 in 2013. Kazakhstan is the 9th largest country in the world1, its concentration of population is re all(prenominal)y low and lowest among Central Asiatic republics. Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous country, merely, the population of Kyrgyzstan grows at a fast rate. In 1992, the population of Kyrgyzstan is 4476, in 2007 it crossed the 5 million mark and in 2012 it became only over 5.5 million and grows day by day. This put number of impact on the development of the country, handiness of natural resources, body of piddle recourses and it became difficult for governance to providing staple fiber amenities to the people. Tajikistan is the smallest country from all fiver republics of primaeval Asia. It is too mavin of the poorest republics in the world. Tajikistan caught in polished war just after the independence, in this civil war in five years over 50,000 killed and over 10% population of the country snuff itaway to neighboring countries.2 But beside all of this the population of Tajikistan is grow at a very rapid rate. In 1992, the population of Tajikistan is 5523 which became 6204 in 2002 and crossed 7 million marks in 2007 and 8 million mark in 2012. In 2013, the population of Tajikistan became 8208 and the population in Tajikistan grows very fast in all central Asiatic republics. Turkmenistan is a very low density country due to most of the ara of the country is desert. So, population in Turkmenistan is very low. In 1992, the population of Turkmenistan is 3882, which became 4600 in 2002 and crossed 5 million marks in 2012. In 2013, it became 5240.Total Renewal pissing resource per capita (actual) (m3/inhab/yr)Source FAOThe above table shows that total water constitution resources per capita (actual) in all central Asian countri es decreasing year by year. In Kazakhstan per capita water resources that was 7351 m3 in 2002, decreased to 6607 m3 in 2012 and 6539 m3 in 2014. In Kyrgyzstan the switch water resources per capita are decreased from 5277 m3 in 1992 to 4721 m3 in 2002, 4315 m3 in 2012 and 4257 m3 in the year of 2014.In Tajikistan, withal the trends of declining of water per capita. In 1992 the per capita transmutation water recourses availability was 3967 m3 that was declining to 2669 m3 in 2014. In the Turkmenistan the like trend of decreasing renewal water per capita continues. In 1992, the availability of renewal water resources per capita is 6381 m3 that was celestial latitude to 4727 m3 in 2014. When we talk about Uzbekistan the situation is worst. everywhere fractional of population of whole central Asian constituent is lived in Uzbekistan and also increase rapidly. So, the situation performs critical day by day. The availability of per capita renewal water resources, that was 2269 m 3 in 1992 declined to 1832 m3 in 2007 and 1689 m3 in 2014. water detachment by areas -The water onanisms means withdrawn of the gross quantity of water by different arenas annually for given proposes (FAO, 2012). at that place are deuce-ace spheres of water climb-down these welkins are kitchen-gardening, municipalities, and industry. In the agriculture sector included irrigation, aquaculture, irrigate and livestock cleaning, the municipalities sector included use of water in nursing homes, villages, towns and cities by population for their domestic proposes. The industrial sector includes the water used in thermal plants for cooling, for dying in leather industry etc. the information related to water drug masturbation is taken from the national statics of the countries for most countries, only when there is uncertainty in methods that are used for obtaining data (FAO, 2005).Water withdrawal by sectors in KazakhstanSource FAOThe above table shows that the withdrawal by sector in Kazakhstan changed rapidly from agriculture sector to otherwise sector like industrial and municipal. In 1995, agriculture sector withdrawal over 80% of the country. But in 2002, the situation is changed, the dower of water withdrawal by agriculture sector decline from 81% to 75% and the share of industrial sector increase from 1.73% to 4.21%. The share of Municipal sector also changed from 16.86 to 20.66 in 2002. In 2007, the share of agriculture again decline, entirely industrial sectors share cadaver shame as 2002. The big change comes in share of municipal sector, whichs share is increased very rapidly after 2002. Its share is increased from 20.66% in 2002 to 28.18% in 2007 and 29.63% in 2010. These trends will continue in country because of gritty growth in urbanization and industrial sector.Water withdrawal by sectors (in Percentage) in KyrgyzstanSource FAOWhen we see the table of water withdrawal by sector in Kyrgyzstan then we find out that there is very littl e changes in water withdrawal by sector. The share of agriculture is biggest from all the sectors in 1994, that was over 94% in 1994 and only 1% declined in its share in 2006. The other two sectors share is more or less 3% each 1994 that remained 3% also in 2006.Water withdrawal by sectors (in Percentage) in TajikistanSource FAOThe water withdrawal in Tajikistan is similar with Kyrgyzstan. Agriculture is the main sector, withdrawal over 90% water of the country. thither are many reasons for this because agriculture is the main sector of the economy of the country and biggest employment provider to the people, and industrial sector is non developed in the country because of mineral recourses and energy recourses and due to the increase in population and urbanization the share of municipal sector is increased very at a very slow rate.Water withdrawal by sectors (in Percentage) in TurkmenistanSource FAOIn Turkmenistan agriculture is the main bide of the employment of the people and also the biggest water withdrawal sector. Its share in 1994 is over 97% in total water withdrawal by the all the sectors of the country, that changed very slowly from other sector like industrial sector and municipal sector. The share of industrial sector was almost fractional percent in 1994, that increased 1.08% in 2000 and almost two and half percent in 2004 and increased year by year but at a very slow rate. The share of municipal sector increased but at a very slow rate.Water withdrawal by sectors (in Percentage) in UzbekistanSource FAOIn Uzbekistan the agriculture sector remains the biggest water consumer from the Soviet time. It is also one of the biggest cotton producers in the world and cotton crop is the biggest water consumer of the country. Agriculture is the main check of the people of the country. In 1994, agriculture sector withdrawal over 93% of the total water withdrawal by the country. The industrial sector withdrawal almost 2% and municipal sector 4% of water in the year 1994. In 2001, the agriculture sector withdrawal 90% , industrial sector almost 4% and municipal sector withdrawal almost five and half percent of water. In these years, the share of agriculture is decline and the share of others sector increased. In 2005, the share of agriculture sector remains same but the share of industrial sector declined almost 1%. On the other hand the share of municipal sector increased from five and half to over 7%. This is due to the increase in population and urbanization.Total Renewal water resource per capita (actual) (m3/inhab/yr)Source FAOThe above table shows that total water resources per capita (actual) in all central Asian countries decreasing year by year. In Kazakhstan per capita water resources that was 7351 m3 in 2002, decreased to 6607 m3 in 2012 and 6539 m3 in 2014. In Kyrgyzstan the renewal water resources per capita are decreased from 5277m3 in 1992 to 4721m3 in 2002, 4315 m3 in 2012 and 4257 in the year of 2014.In Tajikistan, also the trends of declining of water per capita. In 1992 the per capita renewal water recourses availability was 3967m3 that was declining to 2669 m3 in 2014. In the Turkmenistan the same trend of decreasing renewal water per capita continues. In 1992, the availability of renewal water resources per capita is 6381m3 that was decline to 4727 m3 in 2014. When we talk about Uzbekistan the situation is worst. Over half of population of whole central Asian region is lived in Uzbekistan and also increased rapidly. So, the situation becomes critical day by day. The availability of per capita renewal water resources, that was 2269 m3 in 1992 declined to 1832 m3 in 2007 and 1689 m3 in 2014. dam ups in Central AsiaSource FAOThe water administration in central Asia region is mange by large numbers of fuckals, dams and reservoirs etc. there is large trap of keisterals, which was do in the times of Former Soviet Union all over central Asia, many dams like worlds tallest dam Nurek dam etc a nd many big reservoir like Andijan, Toktogul, Tyuyamunym and Kairakkum etc are in central Asia to parcel out water resources of the region (UNECE, 2007).The International Commission on life-size Dams (ICOLD), classified the dams into two categories according to their meridian, the first category include the dams with the top of 15 meters or above, second category include the dams of between the height of 5 to 15 meters and the storage capacity is more than 3 million m3,3. There are over 1200 dams in central Asia region and one hundred ten dams are large dams from these dams. Many of them have inter- separate signifi toiletce because many of them situated on the Transboundary rivers like Amu Darya River, Syr Darya River etc. (UNECE, 2007). The total capacity of dams in central Asian countries is 176.8 km3. From which, 95.5 km3 only in Kazakhstan, that is 54% of the total dams capacity of the region. Kyrgyzstan banknotes 13% dams of the region with the capacity of 23.5 km3. Kamb arta and Toktogul are major dams in Kyrgyzstan. There are 17% dams of central Asia is in Tajikistan, with the capability of 29.5 km3. Nurek Dam with the height of 300 meters, is worlds tallest dam is located in Tajikistan on Vakhsh River.4. Sangtuda-1 and 2 are also very important dams in Tajikistan and country also proposed a dam named Rogan dam on Naryn River, which become worlds highest dam after the completion of construction5. Uzbekistan with the capacity of 22.2 km3 is account 13% of the total dams of the region and with the capacity of 6.2 km3 Turkmenistan accounts only 3% dams of the region1 http//www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm2 http//www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-162010323 https//www.adaptation-fund.org/sites/default/files/ilovepdf.com-7.pdf4 http//www.briskinfo.com/extreme/tallest-dam-in-world-nurek-dam.html5 http//www.briskinfo.com/extreme/tallest-dam-in-world-nurek-dam.htmlGermanys semipolitical System sum-upGermanys Political System SummaryGerman Political SystemChandra Chapagai entrancewayPolitical system is introductoryally a structure to decide, govern, implement, and authorize policies and procedures to the citizens of a country. Each country has their own political system developed or designed under which policies, procedures, and legislations to run the country and the citizens. Each nation has some sort of uniqueness in formation of the political system and how to form policies, procedures, and govern the nation. Unlike US, Germany has its own political system to run the country. Germany is a federal official official parliamentary system country. It has different components of political system and they are constitution, the executive, legislature, judiciary, different states, composed of different political parties. Like all other political system, parliamentary system also has its own strengths and weaknesses.ConstitutionThe basic law of the land in Germany is the constitution. The constitution of Federal body po litic of Germany was passed after World War II in 1949. Germany is a social republi asshole country. In the constitution, the basic rights of German citizens are guaranteed. All federal and state authorities are bound by the constitution. They cannot do anything that is against what is written in the constitution. It was the constitution that has established democratic parliamentary system in Germany. after(prenominal) the constitution was written it helped to separate powers of German into executive, legislative, and judiciary emergencees. This constitution helps all these branches to maintain checks and balances to run the country.The ExecutiveThe executive branch basically consists of the principal sum of the state, and head of the government. The head of the state is the president and this president is mostly ceremony but the ceremonial president is also responsible in representing the state, states existence, and their rule-governed causes, and overall unity of the state s in the country. The president also has the power to set governance and implement laws and order in the country when there are crisis in the parliament and their cabinet members, and is also responsible to handle outside(a) issues, sign treaties in the situation when the parliamentary system is in seismic state, and these are all written in the constitution. The president is takeed by the legislative team members. The president is elected for two five year terms for maximum time frame. The head of the government is the federal chancellor. In Germany, the federal chancellor is responsible person to run the government and the overall country polices and politics. The chancellor of the federal republic of Germany is responsible for the parliament of the country. It is the righteousness of the chancellor to select the members of the cabinet for the government.LegislatureLegislature is another branch of the federal parliamentarian government of Germany. Legislature assembly is sp lit into two champers and they are Bundestag, and Bundesrat and its bicameral system. The Bundestag and Bundesrat are lower house and upper house of German political system. The Bundestag members are elected for four year terms in the government. Bundestag will have more than 598 members of representations. Current lower house of chamber has 622 members. It is required by the party to have at least five percent of the national vote in the Bundestag to have the seats.Upper house of the German parliament is called Bundesrat. Bundesrat is a representation from all other states in the country. They are appointed by the state cabinets and can remove them any time if they want to. States selects the representatives to serve in the Bundesrat. The number of house members in Bundesrat is smaller than Bundestag. The lower house of the parliament has the power and authority to ostracise state level legislation and that will ultimately affect the organization power on the state level.Judicia ryThe judiciary system of federal republic of Germany is responsible to interpret, explain, and apply the law to the country and other states. German judiciary system practices civil law. The judiciary system of German has three court system and they are ordinary courts, specialized courts, and federal ingrained courts. Ordinary courts basically are responsible to dealing with criminal and civil cases. The federal court of justice of Germany is the highest ordinary court in the country. It is also the highest court of appeals that most of the cases go there for the highest appeals to be heard by the federal judges. Specialized court systems in Germany deals with issues that are related to administration, ride laws, social laws, budget and financial laws, and the patent laws. Any cases related to these issues are directed to the specialized courts in Germany. The highest federal Germany court is called as the ingrained courts and this court focuses on judiciary system and any cons titutional issues. If there are any issues related to the constitution of the federal government, the Federal thoroughgoing court will be involved.The StatesGermany is divided into sixteen states. It is also called Landers. The government of Germany has federal constitution, all the sovereignty are given to the state and they manage and govern the state level affairs abide by the federal constitution. Since the population on these states are not same and can take leave therefore, the size and territory of these states also vary. Each state has its own chapiter and has their own local and regional government to govern the people of the state.Political partiesIn democratic countries there will be political parties to run for the government. In the federal parliament government of Germany there are two major political parties and they are Center-Right and Center-Left. The Center-Right has two other parties and they are Christian Democratic Union, and Christian Social Union. These tw o parties black market differently and they operate thought the country. The Centre-Left Party is the Social Democratic Party. There are other parties as well and they are named as The Left Party, and the German yard Party. The current political party in the government now is Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Angela Merkel is the present head of the government of Federal Republic of Germany. Currently Joachim Gauck is serving as the head of the states in Germany.Strengths and Weakness of parliament SystemAny political system has strengths and weaknesses. Political system in federal parliamentary system also has strengths and weakness. nonpareil advantage of parliamentary political system is that the executive branch is dependent on Bundestag and Bundesrat and its balmy and fast to pass the legislation that was proposed. Strength is that the executive power is divided into states and is not fully concentrated to the head of the federal government. The most pregnant strength I l ike is based on the series of debates, it can change the power without alternative and then allow election to be held at any time, so there is flexibility if need be.One weakness of the parliamentary system is that the head of the government, the chancellor is not now elected. Also, there is no any group or body that they agree the legislation that is passed by the parliament. Executive branch and legislative branches are fast connected and the checks and balances between them are poor. There are possibilities of having informal constitutions sometimes reserve powers are used which are not democratic and can cause crisis in the constitution. It is also possible that the parliamentary system can develop political authority from the executive branch.ConclusionThe political system of Republic of Germany is very interesting. The political system of Germany is fairly decentralized system in which the system is categorized into executive, legislative, judiciary, and cabinets. In this s ystem, the people will elect legislation, the legislation body elect executive, and the executive body produces public policy. There are both good side and bad side of parliamentary political system. The judiciary system of German is called the basic law of the land. There are different political parties in the Republic of Germany and all can participate in the political process and involve in the election processes. In Germany, chancellor is the head of the government, and the president is the head of the sixteen states.ReferencesCaramani, D. (2011). relative politics (3rd ed.). Oxford Oxford University Press.German political system. (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2015, from http//www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Germanpoliticalsystem.htmlNeil, P. (2007). States. In Essentials of comparative politics (2nd ed.). New York, N.Y. W.W. Norton .